Telemedicine as a tool for continuing medical education.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in the use of digital technologies to foster learning in the health professions, along with the drive to expand teleconsultations arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to explore whether telemedicine between levels of care can act as continuous medical education (CME) tool for general practitioners (GPs) and hospital consultants at the referral cardiology department. METHODS: This qualitative study was embedded in an organizational case study of the introduction of a new service model in the Portuguese health system. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and pseudonymized. The transcribed interviews were stored, coded, and content analysis was performed in MAXQDA. RESULTS: A total of 11 physicians were interviewed. GPs and cardiologists recognized that telemedicine between levels of care could act as a CME tool. Although they departed with different expectations, telemedicine helped them collaborate as a multidisciplinary team, exchanging feedback about clinical decisions, and constructing knowledge collaboratively. Telemedicine also supplemented existing learning meetings. The consequences of technology adoption may be viewed as a result of the actors involved (including the technology itself), characteristics of the context (including the organization), and an interaction between such factors. CONCLUSION: Teleconsultations can be a learning opportunity for the health professionals involved. Our findings suggest that, in the context of the Portuguese health system, telemedicine as a CME tool helped to build multidisciplinary teams which exchanged feedback and constructed shared knowledge to improve patients' outcomes. It also helped to identify practice-changing contents to be included in face-to-face educational meetings.

Interaction at the primary-secondary care interface: Patients' and physicians' perceptions of teleconsultations.

Introduction: Previous qualitative research on teleconsultations has focused on synchronous communication between a patient and a clinician. This study aims to explore physicians' and patients' perceptions of the interaction on the interface between primary care and the Cardiology service of a referral hospital through teleconsultations. Methods: This qualitative study was embedded in an organizational case study concerning the introduction and rollout of a new service model that took place at the point of care. The patients and physicians were recruited for semi-structured interviews until thematic saturation was achieved, between September 2019 - January 2020. The interviews were audiorecorded and anonymized. The transcribed interviews were stored, coded, and analyzed in MAXQDA, following the steps for conventional content analysis. Results: A total of 29 participants were interviewed. Patients and physicians presented clear views about the role of the GP and the cardiologist and their function in overall structure of healthcare. GPs felt their role was to bring expertise in the patient which could supplement the cardiologists' expertise on the condition. However, GPs had to renegotiate roles in the teleconsultations when they saw themselves in a new situation, together with another physician and the patient. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that joint teleconsultations can promote continuity of care for patients in the primary/secondary care interface. Active coordination between physicians with delineation of roles throughout primary-secondary care interface is needed to manage selected patients who may benefit the most from shared care.

Barriers and facilitators to implementing a continuing medical education intervention in a primary health care setting.

BACKGROUND: Continuing medical education (CME), as a systematic attempt to facilitate change in General Practitioners' (GPs) practices, is considered crucial, assuming that if physicians are up-to-date, they will change and improve their practice, resulting in better performance and ultimately better patient care. However, studies continue to demonstrate considerable gaps between the real and ideal performance and patient-related outcomes. The objective of this study was to explore GP's perception of the factors affecting the implementation of a CME digital platform in a primary health care setting in Portugal. METHODS: Our work is framed in a larger effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 study, where a Digital Behaviour Change Intervention (DBCI), called ePrimaPrescribe, was developed and implemented with the aim of changing benzodiazepines (BZD) prescribing patterns. Our design used mixed methodologies to obtain an enriched knowledge on GPs' perspectives on the facilitators and barriers to implementing a Digital Behaviour Change Intervention (DBCI) applied to CME. To do so, we used data coming from an onsite questionnaire, an adapted version of the Barriers and Facilitators Assessment Instrument (BaFAI) and in-depth interviews. RESULTS: From the 47 GPs successfully included in the intervention arm of our cluster-randomized effectiveness study, we collected 37 onsite questionnaires, 24 BaFAIs, and performed 12 in-depth interviews. GPs reported as the main barriers to CME a lack of time, a perception of work overload, a lack of digital competence, a lack of digital infrastructure, and motivational and emotional factors. They reported as facilitators to CME delivered through a DBCI the convenience of the delivery method, the practical and pragmatic characteristics of the content, and the possibility for CME to be mandatory. CONCLUSIONS: The perceptions of the barriers and facilitators reported by GPs represent an important contribution to improving knowledge regarding the factors influencing the implementation of CME in primary health care settings. We consider that our study might bring useful insights to other countries where primary health care plays a central role in the provision of care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04925596 .

Teleconsultations and their implications for health care: A qualitative study on patients' and physicians' perceptions.

BACKGROUND: Digitization in everyday medical practice has gained importance along with the drive to expand teleconsultations arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous qualitative research on teleconsultations has focused on synchronous communication between patients and clinicians. This study aims to explore physicians' and patients' perspectives on the adoption of teleconsultations between primary care and the referral cardiology department. METHODS: Participants were recruited for semi-structured interviews between September 2019 and January 2020. The interviews were audio-recorded and pseudonymized. The transcribed interviews were stored, coded, and content analysis was performed in MAXQDA. RESULTS: A total of 29 participants were interviewed. Patients and physicians merged in their views on 'process' issues, i.e., those concerning a better prioritization of patients and an improved collaborative practice, albeit with possible technological constraints. Physicians recognized that teleconsultations presented an educational opportunity for managing patients' health problems. Our findings suggest that not all patients would require equally intensive collaborative activities across the health system. The barriers described included difficulties using the system (technical issues) and concerns about workload as a consequence of the disruption of traditional clinical routines. Increasing the range of collaborative strategies available to health care providers may require a broader assessment of the way that care processes are structured between levels of care. Patients revealed strong support for teleconsultation on the grounds of interprofessional collaboration and avoidance of unnecessary hospital visits. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of teleconsultations between levels of care may be facilitated when patients, caregivers and physicians see the added value of this service, that adequate resources are put in place and that there is flexible implementation. This work adds an in-depth understanding of participants' perceptions of this intervention in a case study. Obtaining context-dependent knowledge will help program leaders better understand how to establish telemedicine services as a real-world sustainable option.

Endothelial cell rearrangements during vascular patterning require PI3-kinase-mediated inhibition of actomyosin contractility.

Angiogenesis is a dynamic process relying on endothelial cell rearrangements within vascular tubes, yet the underlying mechanisms and functional relevance are poorly understood. Here we show that PI3Kα regulates endothelial cell rearrangements using a combination of a PI3Kα-selective inhibitor and endothelial-specific genetic deletion to abrogate PI3Kα activity during vessel development. Quantitative phosphoproteomics together with detailed cell biology analyses in vivo and in vitro reveal that PI3K signalling prevents NUAK1-dependent phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase targeting-1 (MYPT1) protein, thereby allowing myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) activity and ultimately downregulating actomyosin contractility. Decreased PI3K activity enhances actomyosin contractility and impairs junctional remodelling and stabilization. This leads to overstretched endothelial cells that fail to anastomose properly and form aberrant superimposed layers within the vasculature. Our findings define the PI3K/NUAK1/MYPT1/MLCP axis as a critical pathway to regulate actomyosin contractility in endothelial cells, supporting vascular patterning and expansion through the control of cell rearrangement.

Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial on additional core stability exercises training for improving dynamic sitting balance and trunk control in stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: Analyse the effect of core stability exercises in addition to conventional physiotherapy training three months after the intervention ended. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient services. SUBJECTS: Seventy-nine stroke survivors. INTERVENTIONS: In the intervention period, both groups underwent conventional physiotherapy performed five days/week for five weeks, and in addition the experimental group performed core stability exercises for 15 minutes/day. Afterwards, during a three-month follow-up period, both groups underwent usual care that could eventually include conventional physiotherapy or physical exercise but not in a controlled condition. MAIN MEASURES: Primary outcome was trunk control and dynamic sitting balance assessed by the Spanish-Version of Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0 and Function in Sitting Test. Secondary outcomes were standing balance and gait evaluated by the Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti Test, Brunel Balance Assessment, Spanish-Version of Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke and activities of daily living using the Barthel Index. RESULTS: A total of 68 subjects out of 79 completed the three-month follow-up period. The mean difference (SD) between groups was 0.78 (1.51) points ( p = 0.003) for total score on the Spanish-Version of Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0, 2.52 (6.46) points ( p = 0.009) for Function in Sitting Test, dynamic standing balance was 3.30 (9.21) points ( p= 0.009) on the Berg Balance Scale, gait was 0.82 (1.88) points ( p = 0.002) by Brunel Balance Assessment (stepping), and 1.11 (2.94) points ( p = 0.044) by Tinetti Test (gait), all in favour of core stability exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Core stability exercises plus conventional physiotherapy have a positive long-term effect on improving dynamic sitting and standing balance and gait in post-stroke patients.

Preservação da fertilidade masculina no Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE - 17 anos de experiência / Preserving male fertility at the Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE -17 years of experience

Objetivo. Reportar a nossa experiência nos últimos 17 anos na preservação da fertilidade masculina por doença oncológica, genética, imunológica e endocrinológica, assim como por alterações graves da espermatogénese. Material e métodos. avaliação de parâmetros demográficos, características do esperma e resultados obtidos com amostras descongeladas em ciclos de procriação medicamente assistida (PMA). Resultados. Duzentos e setenta e um homens com uma idade média de 31,5±6,3 anos (16‐52 anos) foram referenciados para PF. A doença oncológica foi a causa mais comum (34,3%), seguida de azoospermia secretora ou não obstrutiva, oligoastenoteratozoospermia (TAO) grave, doença genética, hipogonadismo/atrofia testicular, doença auto‐imune, doença endócrino‐metabólica e pré‐cirurgia potencialmente comprometedora da fertilidade. Dentro da doença oncológica, o tumor do testículo foi a neoplasia mais comum (64,5%), seguido do cancro hematológico e de etiologias variadas. Na doença genética, a síndrome de Klinefelter foi a condição mais frequente (50%). No total 194 homens ficaram com amostras criopreservadas (1.099 amostras no total; 5,7±3,4 por paciente). Os homens com doença oncológica tiveram, em média, um número significativo superior de amostras congeladas (p<0,001). Os casos de tumor do testículo apresentaram uma concentração média de espermatozoides/ml significativamente inferior face aos outros tumores (p<0,005). Durante estes 17 anos, 58 homens (29,9%) procuraram o centro para realização de técnicas de PMA com amostras descongeladas. Foram realizados 87 ciclos, com 19 gestações (21,8%). Nasceram 15 recém‐nascidos (RN) saudáveis. Conclusões. Ainda que o número de homens que tenham procurado o uso das amostras armazenadas, não se pode desvalorizar o impacto psicológico positivo da PF, tendo em conta que pode ser a única possibilidade de paternidade biológica (AU)

Objective. A report is presented of 17 years of experience in male fertility preservation due to oncological, genetic, immunological and endocrinological disease, as well as severe spermatogenesis alterations. Material and methods. An evaluation is made of demographic parameters, sperm characteristics and results of assisted reproduction techniques cycles with thawed samples. Results. A total of 271 men with a mean age 31.5±6.3 years (16 to 52 years) were referred to sperm banking. The most common cause was oncological disease (34.3%), followed by secretory azoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, genetic disease, testicular atrophy/hypogonadism, auto‐immune disease, endocrine‐metabolic disease, and prior to potentially fertility damage surgery. Among oncological disease, testicular tumour was the most common cancer (64.5%), followed by haematological cancer, and other aetiologies. Klinefelter syndrome was the most common (50%) among the genetic diseases. A total of 194 men had samples cryopreserved (1099 total samples; 5.7±3.4 per patient). Men with oncological disease had a significantly higher number of cryopreserved samples (p<.001). Testicular tumour cases had a mean lower sperm concentration relative to other tumours (p<.005). During these 17 years, 58 men (29.9%) asked to have assisted reproduction techniques performed with their thawed samples. The 87 cycles performed resulted in 19 pregnancies (21.8%) and 15 healthy newborns. Conclusions. Although the number of men asking to use their cryopreserved samples is low, we cannot undervalue the positive psychological impact of fertility preservation, taking in consideration that it can be the only possibility to biological fatherhood (AU)

PTEN mediates Notch-dependent stalk cell arrest in angiogenesis.

Coordinated activity of VEGF and Notch signals guides the endothelial cell (EC) specification into tip and stalk cells during angiogenesis. Notch activation in stalk cells leads to proliferation arrest via an unknown mechanism. By using gain- and loss-of-function gene-targeting approaches, here we show that PTEN is crucial for blocking stalk cell proliferation downstream of Notch, and this is critical for mouse vessel development. Endothelial deletion of PTEN results in vascular hyperplasia due to a failure to mediate Notch-induced proliferation arrest. Conversely, overexpression of PTEN reduces vascular density and abrogates the increase in EC proliferation induced by Notch blockade. PTEN is a lipid/protein phosphatase that also has nuclear phosphatase-independent functions. We show that both the catalytic and non-catalytic APC/C-Fzr1/Cdh1-mediated activities of PTEN are required for stalk cells' proliferative arrest. These findings define a Notch-PTEN signalling axis as an orchestrator of vessel density and implicate the PTEN-APC/C-Fzr1/Cdh1 hub in angiogenesis.

Strabismus, visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years.

INTRODUCTION: Visual anomalies that affect school-age children represent an important public health problem. Data on the prevalence are lacking in Portugal but is needed for planning vision services. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strabismus, decreased visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in Portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 672 school-age children (7.69±1.19 years). Children received an orthoptic assessment (visual acuity, ocular alignment, and ocular movements) and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. RESULTS: After orthoptic assessment, 13.8% of children were considered abnormal (n=93). Manifest strabismus was found in 4% of the children. Rates of esotropia (2.1%) were slightly higher than exotropia (1.8%). Strabismus rates were not statistically significant different per sex (p=0.681) and grade (p=0.228). Decreased visual acuity at distance was present in 11.3% of children. Visual acuity≤20/66 (0.5 logMAR) was found in 1.3% of the children. We also found that 10.3% of children had an uncorrected refractive error. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus affects a small proportion of the Portuguese school-age children. Decreased visual acuity and uncorrected refractive error affected a significant proportion of school-age children. New policies need to be developed to address this public health problem.

Inhibition of the p110α isoform of PI 3-kinase stimulates nonfunctional tumor angiogenesis.

Understanding the direct, tumor cell-intrinsic effects of PI 3-kinase (PI3K) has been a key focus of research to date. Here, we report that cancer cell-extrinsic PI3K activity, mediated by the p110α isoform of PI3K, contributes in an unexpected way to tumor angiogenesis. In syngeneic mouse models, inactivation of stromal p110α led to increased vascular density, reduced vessel size, and altered pericyte coverage. This increased vascularity lacked functionality, correlating with enhanced tumor hypoxia and necrosis, and reduced tumor growth. The role of p110α in tumor angiogenesis is multifactorial, and includes regulation of proliferation and DLL4 expression in endothelial cells. p110α in the tumor stroma is thus a regulator of vessel formation, with p110α inactivation giving rise to nonfunctional angiogenesis, which can stunt tumor growth. This type of vascular aberration differs from vascular endothelial growth factor-centered antiangiogenesis therapies, which mainly lead to vascular pruning. Inhibition of p110α may thus offer a new antiangiogenic therapeutic opportunity in cancer.

Trombofilia e terapêutica com heparina de baixo peso molecular na falha de implantação / Thrombophilia and therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin in implantation failure

Introdução: Estudos recentes demonstraram a associação de trombofilias e com falha de implantação. O objectivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto na taxa de gravidez da pesquisa de trombofilias e terapêutica com heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) nas mulheres em que se verifique falha de implantação. Material E Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo observacional controlado de todos os casos de falha de implantação durante 3 anos. Foram constituídos 2 grupos: grupo A, em que foi efectuada pesquisa de trombofilias, tendo sido instituída terapêutica com HBPM nos casos alterados, a partir da data da punção folicular; grupo B, em que não foi efectuada pesquisa de trombofilias nem terapêutica com HBPM. Foi realizada a comparação da taxa de implantação, taxa de gravidez e taxa de nados vivos entre ambos os grupos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 33 casos no grupo A e 24 casos no grupo B. O resultado da pesquisa de trombofilias, efectuada apenas no grupo A, foi alterada em todos os casos, com presença de mutação para o gene da MTHFR em 87,88 % dos casos e mutações do gene do PAI-1 em 75,76 % dos casos. Verificou- se um aumento estatisticamente significativo da taxa de implantação e da taxa de gravidez no grupo A (29,09 % vs 10,26 %, p <0,05, e 45, 45 % vs 12,50 %, p <0,05). A taxa de abortamento foi sobreponível em ambos os grupos. A terapêutica com HBPM associou-se a um aumento significativo da taxa de nados vivos por transferência (36,36 % vs 12,50 % respectivamente no grupo A e B, p <0,05). Não se verificaram complicações associadas à terapêutica anticoagulante. Conclusão: As trombofilias parecem representar um importante papel no sucesso/insucesso da implantação embrionária. A terapêutica com HBPM nas mulheres com trombofilia associou-se a um aumento significativo da taxa de implantação, da taxa de gravidez e da taxa de nados vivos (AU)

Introduction: Recent studies have reported an association between thrombophilia and implantation failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on the pregnancy rate of thrombophilia research and therapy with low-molecularweight heparin (LMWH) in women with implantation failure. Material and Methods: Retrospective observational controlled study of all cases of implantation failure during 3 years. Cases were divided into two groups: Group A, where thrombophilic defects were searched, and therapy with LMWH was started in altered cases, from the date of ovary punction; Group B, in which thrombophilia research wasn’t performed nor anticoagulant therapy was started. Primary outcomes were the implantation, pregnancy and live birth rates. Results: There were 33 patients included in group A and 24 patients in group B. The search for thrombophilia, performed only in group A, was altered in all cases, with the presence of mutations in the MTHFR gene in 87.88 % of cases and PAI- 1 gene mutations in 75.76 % of cases. There was a statistically significant increase in the implantation and pregnancy rates in group A (29.10 % vs. 10.26 %, p <0.05, and 45.45 % vs. 12.50 %, p <0.05). The abortion rate was similar in both groups. LMWH therapy was associated with a significant increase in live birth rate per transfer (36.36 % vs. 12.50 % in group A and B respectively, p <0.05). There were no complications associated with anticoagulant therapy. Conclusion: Thrombophilia seems to play an important role in the success/failure of embryo implantation. LMWH therapy in women with thrombophilia is associated with a significantly increased in implantation, pregnancy and live birth rates (AU)

Outcomes from ovarian hyperstimulation following the sole administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in the context of in vitro fertilization: report of two cases and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcomes from two cases of ovarian stimulation following the sole administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN: A case study was conducted. SETTING: National Referral Unit of Reproductive Medicine. PATIENTS: Two infertile women undergoing IVF participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using a long protocol. GnRHa (Buserelin) was started in the luteal phase, in a dose of 600 µg/day, for 12 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, number of embryos transferred, implantation rate, ongoing pregnancy, and live birth. RESULTS: Both women underwent egg retrieval and transfer of good quality embryos. One of them conceived and recently gave birth to a healthy full-term baby. CONCLUSIONS: The ovarian hyperstimulation after the sole administration of GnRHa is a rare condition. Oocyte retrieval may be a reasonable treatment under these circumstances instead of cycle cancellation. As far as it is known, this is the third case reported of a live birth following the sole administration of GnRHa in the context of IVF.

Estimulação ovariana controlada e inseminação intrauterina: uma terapia atual? / Controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination: an actual therapy?

OBJETIVO: Analisar a taxa de gravidez na inseminação intrauterina (IIU), aferindo eventuais fatores prognósticos de sucesso. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de ciclos de IIU ocorridos de janeiro de 2007 a julho de 2010 em uma Unidade de Medicina da Reprodução do Hospital Vila Nova de Gaia. Os ciclos foram precedidos por estimulação ovárica controlada e monitorizada por ecografia endovaginal. Avaliou-se a taxa de gravidez em função da idade da mulher, tipo e duração da infertilidade, motilidade no espermograma, número de folículos e fármaco usado na estimulação ovárica. A análise estatística foi efetuada com o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 17), com um nível de significância 5 por cento (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: O estudo integrou 139 casais submetidos a 220 ciclos de IIU. A taxa global de gravidez por ciclo foi de 18,6 por cento e, das 41 grávidas, 5 foram gemelares (12,1 por cento). Ocorreu maior taxa de gravidez abaixo dos 30 anos (28,5 vs 15,7 por cento; p=0,02), duração de infertilidade <3 anos (23,8 vs 13,9 por cento; p=0.05), espermograma sem alterações da motilidade (23,2 vs 10,3 por cento; p=0,01) e na presença de dois folículos no momento da ovulação face ao desenvolvimento monofolicular (27,7 vs 14,2 por cento; p=0,030). As taxas gravídicas com citrato de clomifeno, gonadotrofinas e a sua associação foram de 13,0, 26,1 e 28,6 por cento, respectivamente, com diferença significativa na taxa de gravidez clínica entre citrato de clomifeno e gonadotrofinas. CONCLUSÕES: A IIU mantém-se como um natural ponto de partida para casais convenientemente selecionados. Idades mais jovens, menor duração da infertilidade e espermograma sem alterações na motilidade constituem fatores de bom prognóstico e a estimulação com gonadotrofinas contribui para melhoria da taxa de gravidez.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination (IUI), and to determine possible prognostic factors of successful pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective study of IUI cycles performed in the Reproductive Medicine Unit of Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital, between January 2007 and July 2010. The IUI cycles were preceded by ovarian stimulation and monitored by vaginal ultrasound. Clinical pregnancy rates were analyzed according to the woman’s age, type and duration of infertility, spermatozoa parameters assessed in the spermogram, number of mature follicles and the drug used for ovarian stimulation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS17), with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The study comprised 139 couples who underwent 220 IUI cycles. The absolute pregnancy rate per cycle was 18.6 percent. Of the 41 clinical pregnancies, 5 were twin pregnancies (12.1 percent). The pregnancy rate was higher at ages <30 years (28.5 vs 15.7 percent; p=0.024), duration of infertility <3 years (23.8 vs 13.9 percent; p=0.05), normal sperm motility (23.2 vs 10.3 percent; p=0.01) and with two follicles at the time of insemination (27.7 vs 14.2 percent for monofollicular growth; p=0.030). The pregnancy rates obtained with clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins and combined clomiphene citrate/gonadotropin were 13.0, 26.1 and 28.6 percent, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate between clomiphene citrate and gonadotropin. CONCLUSIONS: IUI remains a natural starting point for conveniently selected couples with infertility. Younger age and normal sperm motility are good prognostic factors. Gonadotrophin stimulation seems to be an important tool for improving the pregnancy rate of IUI.

[Controlled ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination: an actual therapy?]. / Estimulação ovariana controlada e inseminação intrauterina: uma terapia atual?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination (IUI), and to determine possible prognostic factors of successful pregnancy. METHODS: A retrospective study of IUI cycles performed in the Reproductive Medicine Unit of Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital, between January 2007 and July 2010. The IUI cycles were preceded by ovarian stimulation and monitored by vaginal ultrasound. Clinical pregnancy rates were analyzed according to the woman's age, type and duration of infertility, spermatozoa parameters assessed in the spermogram, number of mature follicles and the drug used for ovarian stimulation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS17), with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The study comprised 139 couples who underwent 220 IUI cycles. The absolute pregnancy rate per cycle was 18.6%. Of the 41 clinical pregnancies, 5 were twin pregnancies (12.1%). The pregnancy rate was higher at ages <30 years (28.5 vs 15.7%; p=0.024), duration of infertility <3 years (23.8 vs 13.9%; p=0.05), normal sperm motility (23.2 vs 10.3%; p=0.01) and with two follicles at the time of insemination (27.7 vs 14.2% for monofollicular growth; p=0.030). The pregnancy rates obtained with clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins and combined clomiphene citrate/gonadotropin were 13.0, 26.1 and 28.6%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate between clomiphene citrate and gonadotropin. CONCLUSIONS: IUI remains a natural starting point for conveniently selected couples with infertility. Younger age and normal sperm motility are good prognostic factors. Gonadotrophin stimulation seems to be an important tool for improving the pregnancy rate of IUI.

Medical technocracies in liver transplantation: drawing boundaries in medical practices.

This article explores the ways in which the mastery of particular medical technologies plays a crucial role in drawing the boundaries between medical specialities, to form what we refer to as medical technocracies. It sets out, above all, to demonstrate how the frontiers between the different medical specialities act, on the one hand, as articulating mechanisms to be found in the division of medical work and, on the other hand, as barriers to the interaction of the various skills. Through a more searching study of the division of labour between surgeons and liver specialists (hepatologists) and surgeons and anaesthetics, we highlight the contrast between those two sets of relations.This illustrates the boundaries and articulation that exist between medical technocracies. The key theoretical guidelines are drawn from medical sociology and sociology of professions. The research methodology includes participant observation in a liver transplantation hospital unit and on site interviews. By using data gathered from physicians actually working in such areas where boundaries have been drawn between surgeons and anaesthesiologists and surgeons and liver specialists, we propose to understand how different medical skills are negotiated between the different groups and where the social arrangements are the result of processes of interaction between the different specialities, which are constantly being reorganized and redefined.